What is half – life ?

No one can predict when the atomic nucleus will decay. But scientist can predict how long it will take for half the particles in a substance to decay . This is its half – life. Strontium -90 has a half life of just 9 minutes. Uranium – 235 , on the other hand , has a half life of 4 ½ and ½ billion years. Most fall somewhere in between

What is Radioactivity?

The atoms of an element often come in Several different forms or isotopes. Each form has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus, indicated in the name , as in carbon – 12 and carbon -14. The nuclei of some of these isotopes the one scientists call radioisotopes – are unstable , and decay ( break up ). As they break up , they release radiation, consisting of streams of particles called alpha, beta , and gamma rays. This is Radioactivity.

Who Invented Atomic Bomb ?

The first A-Bomb were developed in USA toward the end of World war II by a team led by Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) Their First bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945 with devastating effect.

What is an Atomic Bomb ?

An atomic bomb or A- bomb is one of the two main kinds of nuclear weapon . An A- bomb relies on the explosive nuclear fission of uranium 235 or plutonium -239. Hydrogen bombs, also called H-bombs or thermonuclear weapons , rely on the fusion of hydrogen atoms to create explosions a thousand times bigger.

What is Nuclear Fission ?

Nuclear Fission releases energy by splitting large nuclei such as uranium and plutonium. To spilt the nuclei , neutrons are fired as it. As they crash into it, they split off more neutrons, which bombard other nuclei , setting off a chain reaction.
Nuclear fission involves firing a neutron(yellow ball) at a nucleus of uranium or plutonium. When the nuclei splits, it fires out more neutrons, which split more nuclei, creating a chain reaction.

What is a Nuclear Fusion ?

Nuclear Fusion is when nuclear energy is released by fusing or joining together small atoms like those of deuterium ( a form of hydrogen). Nuclear Fusion is the reaction that keeps stars glowing and provides the energy for H-bombs. Scientists hope to find a way of harnessing it for power.

Why is Nuclear Power Huge ?

The Energy that binds together the nucleus of an atom is huge , even THOUGH THE NUCLEUS IS MINUTE. In Fact, as Einstein showed in 1905 with this theory of Special Relatively , the particles of the atom can be regarded as pure energy from millions of atomic nuclei that allow nuclear power stations to generate so much power from just a few tons of nuclear fuel. It also gives nuclear bombs their terrifying destructive power.

Timeline : Human Origin – 1

1 4.4 Million BC : Australopithecine , the first human like creatures to walk upright, appear.
2 2.5 Million: Homo Habilis (“Handy Man”) appears in Africa . It uses simple tools, the start of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
3 1.8 Million : Homo sapiens (“Wise Man”) appear in Africa. It uses sharper tools and fire.
4 750,000 : Homo Sapiens (Wise Man) appears in Africa. These people later spread out into other parts of the world, including China and Indonesia.
5 200,000: The first Neanderthal people appear.
6 125,000: The first modern people, Homo sapiens, appear in Africa.
7 60,000: People first arrive in Australia.
8 40,000: Homo sapiens reaches Europe.
9 35000: The first people begin to cross into America.
10 30000: Neanderthals die out.
11 10000: the end of Ice Age (or its latst coldest phase). The starts of the Neolithic Period , or New Stone Age. Farming begins in Mesopotamia, Some animals domesticated for the first time.
12 8350: The founding of Hericho, the first walled.
13 7000: Cattle Hayuk, propable the largest city of its day , is built in turkey

The Worlds Highest Mountains:

Asia
Everest 8,848m
K2 8,611m
Kanchenjunga 8,598m

South America
Aconcagua 6,960m
Ojos del Salado 6,908
Bonete 6872

North America
McKinley 6,194m
Logan 5,951
Citlaltepeti 5,610

Africa
Kilimanjaro 5,895m
Kenya 5,200
Margherita Peak 5,109

Europe
Elbrus 6,642m
Dykh Tau 5,203
Shkara 5,201

Oceania
Wilhelm 4,509m
Cook 3,754
Tasman 3,497

The World’s Poorest Countries:

As per GNP head in the 90’s
Mozambique
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Somalia
Nepal
Sierra Leone
Uganda
Bhutan
Cambodia
Guinea-Bissau
Burundi
Malawi
Bangladesh
Chad
Zaire

The Worlds Richest Countries:

As per GNP head in the 90’s
Switzerland
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Japan
Sweden
Finland
Norway
Denmark
Germany
Iceland
USA
Canada
France
Austria

Biggest Lake:

Capsian Sea : 370,992 sq km
Lake Superior: 84,243 sq km
Lake Victoria 69, 464 sq km
Aral Sea 64, 501 sq km
Lake Huron 63,096 sq km
Lake Michigan 57,757 sq km
Lake Tanganyika 32,764 sq km
Lake Baikal 31,494 sq km
Great Bear Lake 31,328 sq km
Lake Nyasa 28,879 sq km
Great Slave Lake 28, 568 sq km
Lake Erie 25,812 sq km
Lake Winnipeg 24,387 sq km
Lake Ontario 19,001 sq km
Lake Balkhash 18,428 sq km
Lake Ladoga 17,703 sq km
Lake Chad 16,317 sq km
Lake Maracaibo 13,261 sq km
Patos 10,153 sq km
Lake Onega 9,609 sq km
Lake Eyre 9,320 sq km
Lake Titicaca 8,288 sq km
Lake Nicaragua 8029 sq km
Lake Mai-Ndombe 8029 sq km
Lake Athabasca 7935 sq km

Continents:Asia,Africa,Antarctica,North America ,South America ,Europe

Asia:
Area : 44,350,000 sq km.
Population 3,112,700,000
Population Density(People per sq km) 113

Africa :
Area : 30,300,000 sq km.
Population 642,111,000
Population Density(People per sq km) 21

Antarctica:
Area : 14,250,000 sq km.

North America :
Area : 24,250,000 sq km.
Population Density(People per sq km) 13

South America :
Area : 17,800,000 sq km.
Population 296,716,000
Population Density(People per sq km) 17

Europe:
Area : 10,500,000 sq km.
Population 498,371,000
Population Density(People per sq km) 96

The Most Populated Countries

China
India
USA
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Japan
Bangladesh
Nigeria
Mexico
Germany
Vietnam
Philippines

The Worlds Biggest Cities:

Mexico City 14,987,051
Cairo 13,000,000
Shanghai 12,760,000
Mumbai 12,571,720
Tokyo 11,718,720
Seoul 10,920,000
Kolkata 10,916,272
Beijing 10,860,000
Sao Paulo 9,480,427
Paris 9,318,800
Moscow 8,700,000
Delhi 8,375,188
Jakarta 7,885,519
New York 7,322,564
Istanbul 7,309,190
Karachi 7,183,000
London 6,934,500

Higest Waterfalls :

Angel falls (Venezuela ) 979m
Yosemite Falls(USA) 739m
Mardalsfossen(S)(Norway) 739m
Tugela Falls(S, Africa) 613m
Cuquenan Falls(Venez) 610m
Sutherland (NZ) 580m
Ribbon Falls(USA) 491m
Great Falls(Guyana ) 488m
Mardalsfossen(Norway) 468m
Della Falls (Canada) 440m
Gavarine Falls(France) 422m
Skjeggedal Falls(Norway) 420m
Glass Falls(Brazil) 404m
Krimml Falls(Austria) 400m
Trummelbach Falls(Switzerland) 400m
Takakkaw Falls (Canada) 366m
Silver Strand Falls(USA) 357m
Willaman Falls (USA) 347m
Woliomombi Falls(Australia) 335m

Plant Environment:Deciduous,Coniferous,Grasslands,Tropical Forests,Deserts,

1 Deciduous :
Trees : such as beeches, birches , hickories, maples, oaks, poplars, and walnuts.
Shrubs : such as brambles, hawthorn, and honeysuckle.
Woodland : flowers such as bluebells, primroses, foxgloves, willowherbs and anenemes.

2 Coniferous :
Trees : such as redwoods, giant sequoias, Dougals firs , cedars and pines.
Small trees such as rowan and hazel.
Ferns
Biberries

3 Grasslands :
1 Grasses such as tussock , marram, meadow, blue and rye.
2 Rees and shrubs such as acacia , thorn, baobab and rokerboom.
3 Flowers such as vetches, trefoils, orchids, blazing star, worts and coneflowers.

4 Tropical Forests:
1 Trees such as mahoganies, teaks, banyans and palms.
2 Lichens
3 Vines and lianas
4 epiphytes such as orchids , ferns , tree ferns and bromeliads
5 Carnivorous plants such as Venus fly traps and pitcher plants.

5 Lakes And River :
1 Reeds, ruches and papyrus, sedges, worts such as bladderwort and fanwort , water crowfoot, waterlilies and irises , water hyacinths.

2 Deserts :
Cacti
Creosote bushes , thorn trees, quiver trees, Joshua trees, sagerbruch , Yuccas and prickly pear.
Window plants and pebble plants.
Palm trees
Evening primrose
High mountains
Rowan and dwarf willow , crowberries and bilberries.
Wild flowers such as alpine bluebells, mountain avens, gentian, edelweiss, snowbells, saxifrage and saussurea.
Grassed and mosses.

Plants:Angiosperms:Gymnosperms: Algae:

1 Flowering Plants Or Angiosperms: Monocotyledons(one leaf sprout, eg, grasses, cerals, tulips and daffodils) Dicotyledons ( two leaf sprout eg, most decidous trees, vegetables and fruits)
2 Gymnosperms: Conifers(eg spruces, firs, pines and larches) Cycads Gingkos.
3 Ferns
4 Clubmosses
5 Horsetails and Liverworts
6 Algae: Red , Green , Brown.

Plant Records:Tree,Flower,leaves,Roots,Seed

1 The Smallest Plant :The smallest plant is the duckweed Wolffia arrhiza, which has fronds less than 1mm across.
2 The Biggest Plant: The biggest plant is the Giant Sequioa tree called General Sherman is California which is 83m tall and 24m round the trunk.
3 The Oldest Plant: The oldest plant is lichen in Antarctica thought to be more than 10,000 years old.
4 The Tallest Tree: A Eucalyptus in Victoria, Australia , is 143m tall.
5 The biggest Flower: The biggest flower is the Rafflesia of Indonesia, which has blooms more than 2m across.
6 The biggest water Plant: The biggest water plant is the Amazon water lily, which has leaves more than 2m across.
7 The biggest leaves: The biggest leaves belong to the raffia palm, which can grow up to 20m long.
8 The Deepest Roots: The deepest roots belong to a fig tree growing in South Africa , which has roots down more than 120m.
9 The Biggest Seed: The biggest seed is the coco de mer coconut, which weighs up to 20kg.
10 The Fastest Growing Plant : The fastest growing plant is the bamboo , which can grow 1m in a single day

Blood Facts :

1 Your heart beats 30 million times each year.
2 The chambers of the heart each hold about 70mi of blood.
3 Pulse rate average 60 to 100 beats a minute.
4 Blood travels through the capillaries at 1m a second.
5 There are 60,000km of capillaries in your body.
6 Capillaries may be just a hundredth of a millimeter thick.
7 Someone who weighs 75 kg has about 5 liters of blood.
8 Someone who weighs 35kg has 2.5 liters of blood.
9 Someone who weighs 75kg and lives on the high Andes has about 6 liters of blood.
10 A microlitre of blood holds 4-6 million of red blood cells.
11 A microliter of blood holds 5-10,000 white blood cells.
12 A microliter of blob holds 150,000-500,000 platelets.
13 Blood is 60% plasma.
14 Plasma is 90% water.
15 There are 13 blood clotting factors , numbers I-XIII
16 There are 4 blood group: A,O,N and ABO.85% belong to the blood type Rhesus negative

Milestones:

1 1543 : Vesalius created his book De Humani Corporis Fabrica – which became the basis of modern anatomy.
2 1550: Gabriel Fallopio’s close study of the body revealed tiny structures.
3 1590: Sabtorio Sanctorius created the science of physiology . He also showed how to measure pulse and temperature.
4 1628: William Harvey revealed how the heart circulates blood.
5 1661: Using microscope, Marcello Malphigi save tiny blood vessels called capillaries.
6 1798: Edward Jenner showed people could be vaccinated against infectious diseases.
7 1840: Rudolf Virchow and Jakob Henle found that the body is built up from tissues made from tiny cells.

Breathing Facts:

1 You will probably take about 600 million breaths if you live to the age of 75.
2 Every minute you are alive, You breath in more than 6 liters of Air.
3 A normal breath takes in about 0.4 liters of air.A deep breath can take up to 4 liters.
4 On an average , you breath about 13 – 17 times a minute.
5 Newborn babies breathe about 40 times a minute.
6 There are about 300 million little air sacs or alveoli in your body.
7 Opened out and laid flat your lungs would cover an area about the size of tennis court.
8 There are over 2,400km of airways in your lungs.

Inside The Body :

1 There are over 600 billion cells in your body.
2 There are over 200 different types of cells in your body.
3 There are 100 billion nerve cells in your brain.
4 14% of your body weight is bone; 40% is muscle.
5 You have 213 bones in your body.
6 Babies have 300 bones.
7 There are 22 bones in your skull.
8 There are 33 bones or vertebrate in your spine.
9 You have 7 pair of true ribs, 3 false ribs and 2 floating ribs.
10 There are 27 bones in your hand.
11 The longest bone is the femur or thighbone.
12 You have 640 muscles in your body.
13 The longest muscle is the sartorius on the inside of the thigh.
14 The biggest muscle in your body is the gluteus maximums or buttock.

People : Tallest, Shortest, oldest, youngest :

Tallest Man : The tallest man ever was the American Robert Wadlow (b.1918) who reached a towering 272cm tall.
The Shortest Man: The shortest man ever was American ‘General Tom Thumb’ who was just 102cm tall when he died in 1885.
The lightest Human: The lightest human adult ever was the Mexican girl Lucia Xarate who weighed just 2.13 kg when she was 17 in 1889.
Other Facts:
1 There is a woman in Africa who is thought to be 150 years old, but no one can prove it.
2 In 1997 , Frenchwomen Jeanne Calment Died aged 122 years and 164 days.
3 In 1986, Japanese Shigechiyo Lzumi died aged 120 years and 237 days.
4 The most children born at once were decaplets 2 boys and 8 girls born in 1946 in Bacacy in Brazil.
5 Mr. and Mrs Vassileyev who lived near Moscow in 1782 had 69 of their own children.

Insects:flie, butterfly

The heaviest Insects :The heaviest flying insect are the Goliath beetles of Africa which weigh up to 100g.
The longest Insects : The longest insects are stick insects which can grow up to 400mm long.
The fastest flier: The Australian Dragonfly can reach 60kmh.
The largest butterfly: The Queen Alexandra’s bird wing of Papua New Guinea can be up to 300mm across.
The loudest Insect: Male Cicadas (like cricket) rub their abdomens so loud they can be heard from 400m away.

REPTILES FACTS:Lizards, Amphibians,Snake

The largest Reptile: The largest reptile are the crocodiles of South Asia which can grow up to 5m in lengths.
The Biggest Lizards: The biggest lizard is the Komodo Dragon which grows over 3m and has been said to Grow to 9m.
The Biggest Amphibians: The biggest amphibian is the Chinese gaint salamander which is over 1m long.
The Longest Snake :The longest snake may be the reticulated python which can grow over 9m long.

The Most Poisonous Snake: The Poisonous Snake is the Marine Cobra of the Western Pacific.

Mammals Facts:

The Biggest Mammal : The biggest mammal is the Blue Whale which can grow uo to 33m long and weigh up to 190 tones.
The Biggest Land Mammal: The biggest Land Mammal is the African bush Elephant which can grow up 4m tall and weigh up to 12 tonnes.
The Tallest Mammal: The tallest mammal is the Giraffe which can grow over 6m tall.
The Smallest Mammal: The smallest mammal is the Bumblebee bat of Thailand which weighs under 2g.
The Smallest Land Mammal: The smallest land mammal is the Etruscan shrew which is under 50mm long.
The Fastest sprinting Land Mammal: The fastest land mammal is the cheetah which can reach 100kmh for short bursts.
The Fastest Running Land Mammal: The fastest running land mammal over a sustained distance is the North American Pronghorn antelope, which can keep up 56kmh for over 6km.
The Fastest Marine Mammal: The fastest swimming mammal is the killer whale , which can reach 55kmh.
The highest jumper: The highest jumping animal are pumas and leopards which can jump over 5m into trees.
The Oldest Living Mammal: The oldest mammal(apart from humans, of course) is the elephant which can live 70 years.

Sea Creatures Facts, Fish, Crab,Turtle

The Smallest Fish: The smallest fish is the Marshall Islands goby which is only 16mm long.
The Largest Fish: The largest fish is the Whale Shark which can grow over 12m long.
The Fastest Fish: The Fastest fish is the Sailfish which can travel up to 109 lmh.
The Oldest Fish: The Whake Shark can live to over 70 years.
The Deadliest Jelly Fish: The deadly Australian Sea Wasp can kill a man in just one minute.
The Noisiest Animal: The noisiest animal is the Blue Whale . Its sounds can be detected from as far away as 830 km.
The Smallest Crab: The smallest crab is the Pea Crab , which really is as small as a pea.
The Largest Turtle: The Largest Turtle is the Pacific leatherback which grows up to 2.13 m long.
The Longest Journey: European eels travel 7,500 km on their spawning migration from the Baltic to the Sargasso Sea.

Birds Facts:

The Biggest Bird : The biggest bird is the Ostrich which can grow up 2.7m tall.

The Smallest Bird : The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird which is just 57mm long.

The Biggest Flying Bird: The biggest flying bird is the Kori Bustard which can weigh up to 20 kg.

The Fastest Flier: The fastest flier is the peregrine falcon which can fly up to 350kmh.

The Oldest Bird: Cocky the cockatoo of London Zoo was over 80 when he died in 1982.

The Longest Journey:An Arctic tern flew 22,530 km Russia down through the Atlantic over Africa and the Indian Ocean to Australia.

The most Time in the Air : No bird spends more time flying than a sooty tern which can remain in the air for 3-10 years .

The biggest Egg: The biggest eeg s the Ostrich which can grow up to 20cm across.

The Highest Flier: The highest flight was by a Ruppell’s vulture which hit a plane at 11,277m.

The Fastest Swimmer: A Gentoo Penguin gets to 27 kmh.

Submarines

Enabling forces to creep up on enemy ships, Launch surprise attacks; Submarines add a new dimension to warfare. As a result , these powerful craft played an important role in both world wars. Submarines also have peaceful uses they can be used to discovering new species of marine life, explore the deep , dark trenches of the ocean.

How does Submarines dive ?
The hull of a submarine has two walls and in between these walls are large containers called ballast tanks. When the tanks contain air, the submarine floats on the surface. When tanks are gradually filled with water. This makes the vessel heavier so that it dives towards the bottom of the ocean. When it is time to surface , compressed air is released into the ballast tanks to force the water out.

Why do Submarines have hydroplanes ?
Submarines wings called hydroplanes. These can be moved up and down in order to help submarines climb and dive. The hydroplanes can also tilt submarines sideways to change direction.

How useful are nuclear Submarines ?
The Submarines below is powered by an onboard nuclear reactor. The Advantage of this form of power is that the craft can sail an almost unlimited distance without the need to refuel. This is useful in wartime , when vessels may have to travel thousands of kilometers from the port.

Indian Dance - Namagen Dance Himachal Pradesh

Namagen Dance :This dance is performed in September to celebrate the autumnal hues. The costumes are largely woolen and richly studded ornaments of silver are worn by women.The most charming amongst these are dances of Gaddis. The dances of Doms and the Bhotiyas in Uttar Pradesh range from simple performances of rejoicing to ritualistic dances. The most spectacular amongst these are the Dhurang which is connected with the death ceremonies. Its objectives is to liberate the soul of the dead person from evil spirits . All the dancers hold swords and dance in a circle. The movements are virile and remind one of the hunting dances of the Nagas on the eastern borders of India.

Indian Dance - Hikat Dance – Himachal Pradesh

Hikat:This is danced by women , and is a modification of a game played by chidren. Forming pairs, the participants extend their arms to the front gripping each other wrists and with the body inclined back, go round and round at the same spot. With wide range and variety of the ethnic groups , Himachal Pradeshis blessed with natural beauty and artistic history. People living in this natural beauty , adorn themselves for the dance at all times of the year, in all regions, and continue to express themselves through music and dance. In the Kullu Valley , the festival of Dussehra is celebrated with great pomp and show images of Raghunathji are brought from the different shrines to a central place, and then there is singing and dancing .Dances of the region are collectively known as Natio, though each may be meant for a different purpose . No festive occasion, including wedding and similar social ceremonies , is complete without dancig. All regions of Himachal Pradesh have their own dances. Mostly men and women dance together, close to each other in the formation.

Indian Dance - Dumhal Dance and Rouff Dance - Kashmir

Dumhal of Kashmir is a dance performed by the menfolk of the Wattal tribe of Kashmir on specific occasions. The performers wear long colorful robes, tall conical caps which are studded with beads and shells. The Part moves in a procession carrying a banner in a very ceremonial fashion. It is dug into the ground and the men begin to dance, forming a circle . The musical accompaniment comprises a drum and the vocal singing of the participants. Dumhal is performed on set occasions and at set locations.
Rouff Dance :Rouff is also a folk dance of Kashmir. It is danced solely by women on festive occasions . Rouff displays simple footwork.

Indian Dance - Manipuri Dance – Manipur

This dance style was originally called jogai which means circular movements. In Ancient texts it as been compared to the movement of the planets around the sun. it is said that when Radha , Krishna and the gopis danced the Ras leela , Shiva made sure that no one disturbed the beauty of dancing . Parvati , the wife Of Lord Shiva wised to see this dance, so to please her he chose the beautiful area of Manipur and re enacted the Ras leela . Hundred of centuries later, in the 11 th century , during the reign of Raja Loyamba , prince Khamba of thr Khomal dynasty and Princess Thaibi of the Mairang dynasty re-entacted the dance and it became known as Lai – Haroaba, the most ancient dance of Manipur.

Indian Dance - Kathak – Uttar Pradesh

The legendary exponent of Kathak is Birju Maharaj .
This north Indian dance form is inextricably bound with classical Hindustani mucis , and the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by the table or Pakhawaj . Traditionally the stories were of Radha and Krishna , in the Natwari style (as it was then called ) but the Mughal invasion of North India had a serious impact on the dance. The dance was taken to Muslim courts and thus it became more entertaining and less religious in content . More emphasis was laid on Nritta , the pure aspect and less on abhinaya ( expression and emotion)

Indian Dance - Odissi –Orrisa

Odissi is based on a popular devotion of Lord Krishna and the verses of the Sanskrit play geet Govinda are used to depict the love and devotion to god. The Odissi dancers use their head, bust and torso in soft flowing movements to express specific moods and emotions.
The form is curvaceous , concentrating on the tribhand or the division of the body in to three parts., head, bust and torso ; the musdras and the expressions are similar to those of Bharat NAtyam. Odissi performances are replete with lores of the eight incarnation of Vishnu , Lord Krishna . It is a soft , Lyrical classical dance which depicts the ambience of Orissa and the philosophy of its most popular deity, Lord Jagannnath , whose temple is in puri. On the temple walls of Bhubaneshwar , Puri and konarks the dance sculpture of Odissi are clearly visible.

Indian Dance - Kuchipudi – Anadhra Pradesh

Raja and Radha Reddy in a striking pose of Kuchipudi dance . The dance Drama that still exists today and can most closely be associated with the Sanskrit theatrical tradition is kuchipudi which is also known as Bhagavata Mela Matakam. The actor sing and dance , and the style is a blend of folk and classical. This technique has greater freedom and fluidity than other dance styles.

Indian Dance - Bharat Natyam – Tamil Nadu

Bharat NAtyam dance has been handed down through the centuries by dance teachers (or gurus ) called nattuwanars and the temple dancers called devadasis. In the scared environment of the temple these families developed and spread their heritage . The training traditionally took around seven years under the direction of the nattuwanars who were scholars and persons of great learning . The four great nattu wanars of Tanjore were known as the Tanjore Quartet and were brothers named Chinnaiah, Ponnaiah, Vadivelu and Shivanandam. The Bharat Natyam repertoire as we know it today was constructed by this talented Tanjore Quartet.

Indian Dance - Mohini Attam – Kerela

The theme of Mohini attam dance is love and devotion to god . Vishnu or Krishna is most often the hero. The spectators can feel his invisible presence when the heroine or her maid details dreams and ambitious through circular movements, delicate footsteps and fine expressions.Through slow and medium tempos, the dancer is able to find adequate space for improvisations and suggestive bhavas or emotions.the Mohini Attam dancer maintains realistic make up and adorns a simple costume, in comparisons to costumes of other dances, such as Kathakali. The dancer is attired in a beautiful white with gold border Kasavu saree of Kerela, with the distinctive white Jasmine flowers around a French bun at the side of her head.

The Indian Dance - Kathakali – Kerela

Kathakali literally means story play and is an elaborate dance depicting the victory of tructh over falsehood. A Striking feature of Kathakali is the use of elaborate make up and colorful costumes. This is to emphasize that the characters are from anther world , and their make up is easily recognizable to the trained eye or godlike , rajasik or heroic , and tamasik or demonic.

Indian Dance: The Natya Shastra

The Natya Shastra was created in the beginning of Treta Yug by Bramha on the request of Indra and other devas as an object of diversion (Kridaniyaka), Bramha created the NAtya Shastra as the fifth Veda which was open to all , irrespective of caste and creed.
Prior to the creation of the Natya Veda , Bramha entered a yogic trance in which he recalled the four Vedas. He drew the recitative (Paathya ) from the Rig, songs(Geeta ) from the Sama, historic representation (Abhinaya ) from the yajur and sentiments (Rasa) from the Atharv.
Thse aspects are the four main constituents of the Natya Veda.
When the Natya Veda was ready, the god expressed their inability to practice it, brambha passed it to Bharat Muni and his one hundred sons who were asked to practice it .
The dances was first seen at the Flag Festival of Indra to celebrate the victory of the Devas against the Daahavas. Shiva learnt Tandava (masculine ) form of the dance , whereas Parvati, his consort learnt the Lasya (Feminine ) form.

Bermuda Triangle :

No doubt you have wondered about the Bermuda triangle . It is the greatest, Modern Mystery of our apparently well understood world a region of the Atlantic Ocean between Bermuda , Miami, Florida and San Juan, Perto Rico were disappearances of ships and planes not only continue but also continue to defy explanation .Many ships and aircrafts disappeared in this region of deadly triangle ie,. Bermuda triangle . Scientist , researchers and invaders made many efforts to solve the mystery behind the deadly region and vanishing phenomenon . But instead of particular result or conclusion, their finding save birth to various and diversified fictions, ideas or beliefs.
Numerous theories attempting to explain the many disappearances have been offered throughout the history of the area. Few believe in supernatural power, which attracts the things around the triangle from the sky and sea. Few believe in high gravitational force because of which things get attracted into the sea and vanished. Also there is belief that the triangle is region of ghosts destroys the things around them who try to disturb them or enters in their area.
The most practical seem to be environmental and those citing human error.The majority of disappearances can be attributed to the areas unique environmental features.First , magnetic compass does point towards true north. Normally it points towards magnetic north. The difference between the two is known as compass variation. It this compass variation or error is not compensated for a navigator could find himself far off.course and in deep trouble. Whatever may be the theory or belief but the mystery still in dark and unsolved.

Merchant Navy, Marine Engineers:,

Merchant Navy
Merchant Navy is the backbone of International trade, carrying cargo across the globe.Without the merchant navy, much of the import-export business wouldgrind to a halt.Therefore trained personnel are required for various departments of the ship and this widens the scope for employment in this filed.They ar offered jobs in the following major areas:

By various shipping companies in the government and private sector.Foreign shipping companies also offer good job prospects.
Deck Department :The Deck officers or navigation officer as the name suggests is in charge of the navigation of the ship. That particular department is called Deck Department. The captain or the master of the ship is in charge of the ship. He is not only responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel but also for the discipline on the ship and safety of passengers , crew and the cargo.He must ensure the observance of national and international codes of conduct guiding sea transportation.

Marine Engineers:Marine Engineers have the complete responsibility of the ships engine room. The main personnel in this department is the ship engineer / chief engineer who ensures safe and economic running of all engines, boilers , electrical, refrigerating and sanitary equipment , deck machinery and steam connections abroad the ship. He supervises the work of the engine room crew and is assisted in his duties by the Second , third, fourth and fifth engineers and other junior personnel.

Service Department :The work undertaken here revolves around the living and catering services for all the crew n board.A chief steward heads a large team of stewards, bakers, mess men etc. Apart from this , the department also has other services such as the services of Divers for underwater examination of the heel of the ship, propellers, pipes etc.. Light keepers, who operate light house signaling to guide incoming and passing ships, and natural surveyors, who prepare charts of particular region of the seas, with regard to topography and conditions of the sea.

Yoga and Other Movement Therapies :

Yoga and Other Movement Therapies :
Yoga emphasizes meditaion , deep breathing , and prescribes body position and movements. But the emphasis is more on self control and self control and self defence.

Origin:
Movements therapies trace their roots to ancient Eastern Philosophy and practice .The term yoga , for example , comes from the Sanskrit word yoga meaning “to yoke” or “to join” Yoga Practitioners , or yogis , belive that they can achieve cosmic union through movements and meditation.

Naturopathy and natural healing :

Naturopathy and natural healing :
Naturopathy is based on natural means of healing diseases . Naturopaths describe themselves as holistic Practitioners who rely heavily on patient counseling and education. They also include among their treatments some practices of conventional medicine.

Origin :
Naturopathy originated during the 19th century , when a medical regimen based on hydrotherapy, exercise , fresh air, sunlight, and herbal teas gained a large following in Germany.The system was brought to the United States by a German healer,Benedict Lust, who founded the American school of Naturopathy IN New York 1902.

Massage Therapy:

Massage Therapy: In therapeutic , touch is used to induce relaxation and promote well – being . Though there are many forms of the practice all employ systematic stroking , rubbing , pressing , kneading, or thumping of the skin, muscles , and joints. Massage is also combined sometimes with other techniques, especially aroma and water therapies.

Origin :
Massage is an instinctive means of communication and giving comfort. Among animals , mother stroke their young, and the adults of many species rub or groom each other. Medically massage is our oldest of treatment and one that is used by every culture .The earliest Chinese , Egyptian and Indian Medical writings all describes preventive and theoretic use of massage.

Light Therapy

Light Therapy :Light therapy employs either natural or artificial light to treat various disorders, ranging from psoriasis and other skin diseases to soft bones and seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Origin:
Exposure to bright sunlight and to the ultraviolet rays of sun lamps has been used to treat skin diseases from many years.The application of light Therapy for treating SAD dates from the late 1980s when doctors first recognizes the link between desperation and the long, dark days of mid-winter.

Hypnosis

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness in which a very highly concentrated state of attention is focused on a specific idea or memory. The patient is fully awake but responds only to the therapists suggestions.
Origin :
From ancient healers to Dr,Fraz Mesmer , an 18th century Viennese physician who cast his subjects into a trance as a theoretical entertainment , hypnosis has had a colorful history.

Homeopathy

Homeopathy is based on symptoms . Treatment involves giving a small amount of a much diluted natural substance .
Origin:
Samuel Hahnemann , a german physician , evolved the principles of homeopathy, early in the 19th century. He worked on the conclusion , if same substances which cause illness in large amounts will cure it in small doses.Hahnemann announced his findings in 1810, Hahnemann’s principles of homeopathy state that ; Substances that’s produces s

Ayurveda

This ancient Indian healing system stresses the mind/body relationship in the maintenance of good health. The system is based on a balancing three basic life forces, or doshas-vata, responsible for all movement in the body; pitta , which controls digestion and energy production; and kappa , responsible for the bosy’s structure and stability.
Origin : Ayurveda meaning the “ science of life and longevity “ in Sanskrit is believed to be about 5000 years old, predating all other medical system. The two classic Ayurveda text- books are more than 2000 years old, charaka Samitha , and shushruta Samhita. Ayurvedic medicine spread with the Hindu Culture to Indonesia , Tibet and eventually to the west. As Buddhism developed , this heaing system was carried to china and other Asian countries.

10 essentials Health tips (The basics to practice Every Day)

1) Move More :- Make it a daily challenge to find ways to move your body. Climb stairs if given a choice between and escalators or elevators. Walk you dog, chase your kids, toss balls with friends, and trim the lawn. Anything that moves your limbs is not only a fitness tool , it is also a stress buster. Think move’ in small increments of time. It doesn’t have to be an hour in the gym or a 45 minute aerobic class. But that’s great when youre up to it.

2) Cut Fat :- Avoid such as fried foods, fast foods like pizzas , burgers, French fries, and other fatty meats(ie Pork, bacon, ham, salami ribs,and sausage ). Dairy products such as cheese , cottage cheese, milk and cream should be eaten in low fat versions. Nuts and sandwich meats , mayonnaise , margarine , butter and sauces should be eaten in limited amount. Most are available in lower fat versions such as the substitute butter, fat free cheese .

3) Quit Smoking :Americans have been reducing their use of tobacco products that kill. Just recently , we’ve seen a surge in smoking in adolescents and teens. Could it be the Hollywood or Hollywood influence ? it seems the stars in every movie of late smoke cigarettes. Beware warn your children of the false romance or tough guy stance of Hollywood smaokers.

4) Reduce Stress : Stress busters comes in many forms. Some techniques recommended by experts are to think positive thoughts. Spend 30 minutes a day doing something you like (ie. Soak in a hot tub, wallk on the beach or in a park, read a good book, visit a friend, play with your pets, listen to a soothing music, wath a comic movie. Get a massage , a facial or a haircut, meditate. Count a ten before losing your temper or getting irritated . Avoid difficult people when possible.

5) Protect yourself from pollution : It you cant live in a smoke free environment , at least avoid smoke filled rooms, high traffic areas, breathing in highway fumes and exercising near busy street. Exercise outside when the smog rating is low. Exercise indoors in air conditioning when air quality is good. Plant lots of bushes in your yard . It’s a good pollution and dirt from the street prevention

6) Wear your seat belt : Statistics show that the seat belt add to longevity and help lessen potential injuries in car crashes.

7) Floss your teeth: Recent studies make a direct connection between long life and teeth flossing. Nobody knows exactly why . perhaps its because people who floss tend to be more health conscious than people who don’t ?

8) Avoid excessive Drinking : While a recent studies show that a glass of wine or one drink a a can help protect against heart disease, more than that can cause other health problems such as liver and kidney disease and cancer.

9) Keep a positive and mental outlook : There’s a definitive connection between living well and heathfully and having a cheerful outlook on life.

10) Choose your parents well : The link between genetics and heath is a powerful one . But just because one or both of your parents died young in ill health doesn’t mean you cannot counter the genetic pool handed you.

Water works for weight loss

Nothing quells the appetite like water, lots and lots of water. Start out with 2 quart bottle in the morning and carry one with you to work or wherever you go. It you like, divvy up the 64 ounces of water in to 8 ounce bottles or 4 pint (16 ounces) bottles to carry around with you all day. Freeze half of them the night before and they will last all day, even in a hot car. Keep some unfrozen so they will be ready to drink immediately.

You will have to make more frequent bathroom trips , but it is worth it. Drink your 64 ounces of water before dinner , if possible , so you’re not up half the night going to the bathroom.

Water not only fills you up and lessens your appetite , it prevents those hungry horrors we all encounter when our blood sugar drops and we reach for cookies, candy , ice cream, fries or other high calorie treats. Water also flushes out the system, rids the body of bloat and toxins and roses up the complexion.

Apes, Chimpanzees, Gorilla

Apes are kind of monkeys without tails, which are lot similar to humans. Animals similar to human include Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Orangutan. These animals are classified as Anthropoids , found in deep forests of Asia and Africa . Their body structure is quite similar to humans . Their mouth structure and number of teeth too matches with humans. Even their skull is similar to that of humans , the only difference is they can’t speak they communicate by making peculiar sound , signs and gestures.

Chimpanzees : Chimpanzees are supposed to be most intelligent . It replicates human in many ways . It has black hairs on the whole body. It can be caught easily infact you can find them in all major zoos. Contradictory
To Gorillas and chimpanzees , Orangutan live on trees only. All these animals are part of category which includes human .

Gorilla : Gorilla is as tall as humans but it is more heavy and strong. It normally lives in a group of 20 to 30. its children live with it until they grow up. Baby Gorillas sleep on trees abd adult gorilla sleep on ground . It is normally very patient but if injured or angry it starts beating its chest and produces sound of drumbeats. It is black in color. Currently its quantity has been lessened due to deforestation. Even governments are taking efforts to preserve these species . The baby gorillas diet includes small ants, insects, eggs, leafs and buds but as they grow they are transformed into vegetarians.(Herbivorous)

Ostrich-tallest bird

The tallest and the heaviest bird alive today is the ostrich. Striding the plains of central and southern Africa , this massive bird can grow to 2.74 m tall and can weight 160 kg. However , it is not the largest bird that has ever lived. Dromornis stilt on another flightless giant , thrived in Australia about 15 million years ago. It reached 3m in height and weighed up to 500 kg.

How did dodo disappear ?

Majority of the worlds flightless birds are found on remote islands . These birds originally flew to the islands, found there were no predators and evolved to become flightless because there was no need to fly to escape from danger . But once human discovered the islands, bird such as the Dodo used to found in Mauritius were at the mercy of hungry sailors,

Mammoth

When did Mammoth die out ?
The gaint North American wooly mammoth was as tall as a double decker bus died out about 10,000 years ago. These huge beasts were preyed on by Smiledon, a saber – toothed cat with fangs as long as your hand (15 centimeters). When the mammoths dies out so did Smiledon.

Dinosaurs

Which is the largest Complete Fossil Dinosaur ?
The almost complete and biggest skeleton found so far is that of Brachiosaurus. This Dinosaur was so tall it could raise its head 13 mt above the ground . One Brachiosaurus would have weighed as much as 10 large elephants.

Did Dinosaurs look after their babies ?
Some kind of baby Dinosaurs , such as young Maiasaura , were not very well developed. The adults probably fed their newly hatched young on soft plant shoots until they were able to fend for themselves. The babies of other dinosaurs , such as Orodromeus, were well developed and could probably run soon after they hatched . So perhaps , like many reptiles today these dinosaurs laid lots of egg and left their hatching to look after themselves.

Which was the fastest Dinosaurs ?
Ostrich sized Struthio Mimus was one of the fastest. It has no armor or Horns to protect it and had to rely On Speed to escape. It was as fast as a racehorse , reaching speeds of over 50 kilometers an hour.

Did Dinosaurs eat eggs ?
Small speedy meat eaters such as Trodden Would snatch unguarded eggs from other dinosaurs nests. Eggs were a good source of food a complete meal in a shell !! Trodden could sprint at about 50 kilometers an hour , so few lumbering plant eaters could catch.

Which was the slowest Dinosaur ?
The Huge Sauropod like Brachiosaurus were the slowest moving Dinosaurs. At over 50 tonnes , they were too heavy to run and so plodded along at about 10 kilometers an hour. Unlike small dinosaurs , these huge creatures were up on their hind legs.

How Did dinosaur disappear?
One of the main theories is that a huge rock falling from the outer space hit the earth. This meteorite threw up a cloud of dust, blocking out the Sun’s light and heat.The earth became much colder and animals that could not cope with this died out . A huge crater that probably formed around this time has been found off the Coast of Mexico . This evidence could mean that meteorite caused the end of dinosaurs.

Whales

Mammals are animals that have backbones, warm-blooded, air breathing and whose females feed their babies with their milk. Whales are mammals. They live in deep blue sea with its family. The family travel around the world whole year.Whale family includes various types of whales with different color and body variations. Brides whale, Fin Whale, Sperm Whale, Southern Right Whales. The Skin Color of a Whale has a steel bluish tone.A selection of other smallish invertebrates , including pelagic red crabs, and to lesser extent copepods, squid, and an occasional small Schooling fish.Though whale is a mammal they are aquatic too . Aquatic means living in water , since they are quite large enough up to 120 feet and live in groups also they need food in large quantity and large space to roam. Such space only in seas , so they live in Sea. They keep roaming all around the world where there is appropriate food supply. The appearance of the food is seasonal, and they travel great distances looking for and waiting for the food to appear. Whales lives nearly 60 to 80 years. But Baleen Whale , the bowhead family member lives nearly up to 200 years. Good places to see blue whale are Costa Rica Dome, Arctic Convergence, Saint Lawrence Sea Way (Canada) .
Whales cannot talk , they communicate by a very special way, they make very special sound , which travel long distances conveying message from one whale to another and from one whale group to another.
During the 20th century because of commercial whaling , blue whales worldwide are reduced to less than 10 % of the original population. The Species has not yet recovered from that massacre.
Whaling :- a combination of old age, starvation , and killer whale attacks.

17 Kansai Airport:

Kansai international airport is one of the two artificial structures visible from Space, the other is Great Wall Of China open for business since 4 September 1994. The purpose of this project was to build Japan’s first 24 hour international airport , in order to respond to increased demand for air transport not only in Kansai but in whole of the country. There mountains in southern part of Japan’s Osaka bay has to be leveled to provide landmass, and transport bridges from the harbor 5km away also had to be built. The cost and the constructional difficulties of this ambitious undertaking were outweighed by the ideal of an isolated flight side with future expansion possibilities and without the need for noise restrictions. Although the island is fully operational , this is only the end of Phase one, Plans for phase 2 include increasing the size of the island and adding further 2 runways.

Biometrics

Fingerprints provide the most reliable method of identification because no two persons prints are identical to those of another individuals. Fingerprints can differentiate even identical twins. Technology is making our life easy and comfortable . It has brought the world closer. Whether it be shopping globally while sitting at home, managing bank account on a click, communicating with friends and families throughout the globe etc.. Technology always evolves good things as well as bad things. If it has given us online shopping it has also given us digital frauds, hacker prone web sphere, fake authentication and many more.
In this rapidly growing e-consumer market, just knowledge of a password, possession of magnetic cards(Credit, ATM Cards), smart cards or proximity cards will do the needful for digital thieves. Here in such scenario Fingerprint Scanning Devices provide full proof authentication . These Hi-security devices ensure that no one other than you can use the application .This compact device scans you fingerprint first time while registering and later uses that for verification whatever is your geographical location. There are various ways of getting fingerprint images but most commonly used methods are Optical Scanning & Capacitance Scanning. Any fingerprint scanner is meant for two jobs.
Capture the fingerprint image .
Verify it with pre stored fingerprint image.
The fingerprints Scanners have advantages over other Human Authentication devices like
1. You cannot misplace your finger.
2. You cannot forget your finger.
3. No one other than you can use your finger.
4. It (not all devices) accepts only living finger for authentication (unlike the movies you have seen where someone cuts off someone else finger and use it for authentication.)
5. You cannot guess nor hack fingerprints like passwords.

The real problem with the biometric security systems is the extent of the damage when somebody does manage to steal the identity information. If you lose your credit card or accidentally tell somebody your secret PIN Number, you can always get a new card or change you code. But if somebody steals your fingerprints, your’e pretty mush out of luck for the rest of your life. You wouldn’t be able to use your prints as a form of identification until you were absolutely sure all copies has been destroyed. There’s no way to get new fingerprints. But still fingerprints are popularly used as major Human Authentication devices. Being cost effective nowadays even in India many small and mid – scale companies have started using it for Time – Attendance and Payroll Systems. It has replaced eve windows login system, now forget the password just put your finger on the scanner and you are logged in.
Even home users popularly use fingerprint scanners for Door- locking systems, electronic safes apart from its regular use of Time Attendance , Payroll, and Access Controls etc.
It provides high level of customization for system integrators, Developers to develop those innovative system for their clients. Hence , software professionals throughout the globe, sue it extensively.

Save Tiger - Campaign 2

Save Tigers - Spread The word ......
kindly forward and promote this message for a good cause ...
Nikita Daralwar
nikita blogs@ gmail.com

Save Tiger- campaign 1

Spread the Word

Let everyone know that our tigers are on the brink of extinction and that they need us. Now. You can start by joining the Save Our Tigers movement on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, and spreading the word wherever you go – online or offline.
SMS

A short message can go a long way to help save our tigers. Let all your friends know about the movement through SMS – just type in your message and ask them to visit SaveOurTigers.com to join the roar.
Write to Editors

Write a letter or an email to editors of popular newspapers and magazines, asking them to support the cause and highlight the urgency to save our tigers. The more people we can reach and inform, the louder our roar will be.
Donate

Organizations such as WWF and The Corbett Foundation work for tiger conservation and need our active support. If possible, you can chip in with funds, volunteer for work or donate clothes, etc. for the forest guards by tying up with such organizations.
Volunteer for Our Tigers

Your time is the most important contribution for our tigers. If you think you have the skills or the commitment to help the tigers on-site, do contact an NGO working for tiger conservation to volunteer for our tigers.
Preserve our Natural Resources

Loss of habitat is one of our tigers’ biggest problems. We can reduce pressure on forests by avoiding unnecessary use of forest-derived products, such as paper and timber.
Be a Responsible Tourist

Visit tiger sanctuaries and national parks and discover our country’s natural heritage. But please remember that the wilderness is to be experienced, not to be polluted by packets of chips, etc.

Kindly forward and promote this message for a good cause

Nikita Daralwar

nikitablogs@gmail.com

Snow Crystals:

Snow is a crystal of ice that forms around a microscopic particles of dust or bacteria in the atmosphere. temperature is generally less that 5D F(-15D C) when snow forms(it is much colder up there ). To freeze , at least three boomerangs – shaped water molecules link up in way that creates a six sided shape . then the crystals begins to grow as molecules after molecules of water vapors attach themselves. As the snowflake drifts around, wind , humidity and especially temperature causes it to grow in different shapes. Wilson Bentely could be called the father of snow or at least the father of snow photography. His book Snow Crystal written in 1931, amazed people with the intricate beauty nature. He identified seven basic types , Plates , Star Shapes, Column, Needles , Spatial dendrites (branched crystal ), capped column, and irregular crystal.

In cold, dry air of high cirrus clouds, there is a little moisture in the cloud. With fewer molecules to attach to each flake, snowflakes under these condition are usually simple plates or six sided column. A plate may attach to one or both ends of a column. Low clouds , where plenty of moisture allows flakes to grow large, from a variety of crystal shapes , depending mostly on temperatures . This is where the more beautiful dendrites form . Flakes have sharper tips when temperature are colder

Jurassic Period – Biological Changes :

The cycads , but conifers, ginkgos, palms, horsetails dominated the plant life of the Jurassic period, and ferns were also abundant, conifers and pines, mixed with tree ferns and ginkgos, populated the forests . the ground was covered with ferns and cycads.

First bird like reptile (Archaeopteryx) appears. primitive mammals make their first appearance .they were few and small, but continue to develop and become well established during the period.

Of the Marine invertebrates the most important were the ammonites. More than 1000 species of insects could be found , including many of the modern forms. the Dominant animals on land , in the sea and in the air were the reptiles. Dinosaurs more numerous and more extra ordinary, crocodiles , Ichthyosaurus, and Plesiosaurus ruled the seal while the pterosaur and their relatives inhabited the Air.

Jurassic Period – Geological Changes :

The Jurassic period began 208.0 Million years ago and ended in 144.0 million years ago . It lasted for 064.0 million years. At the beginning of the Jurassic period most of the continents were joined together until the Atlantic began to from and the Americas split off from Africa. Eastern North America was most Elevated and subject to the forces of erosion. The Atlantic Ocean continued to widen during the period .the pacific border of north America , from California to Alaska , was submerged for the most of the period.

During the end of the Jurassic North America has widespread folding along the western border of the continent, accompanied by the intrusion of lava as the eastern edge of the plate that carries the pacific ocean was thrust beneath the westward drifting plate that carries the north American continent .During this disturbance the Sierra , Nevada, Klammath, Cascades, Coast ranges , and coastal mountains of Canada and Alaska were formed. The Rocky mountains rise and the volcanoes of the north American west are active. By the end of the Jurassic , the Eastern edge of the continent has subsided and was below sea level. The shoreline was located near the present day outer banks. Today the Ancient Jurassic mud’s and sands are buried more than 2,800 m ( 9,200 feet) below the surface in the area of the Outer banks.

Planet Pluto :

Diameter : 3040 km
Moons : 1 Charon
Density : 2.06 g/cm cube
Average distance to the Sun : 5865.6 million km
Time to orbit the sun : 247.70 years
This planet is fastest , the smallest , the darkest, the coldest and arguably the strangest. It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar system. Its moon , charon is nearly half its size appears like a bi – planet. NASA using a new infra – red telescope has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen – not methane as once thought Nitrogen makes 78% of the year.

Planet Neptune ;

Diameter :- 49,000 km.
Moons : 8 Triton is the largest.
Density :- 1.64g/cm cube.
Average distance to the sun : 4,497 million km
Time to orbit the sun : 164.80 years
It is denser & little smaller than Uranus .Neptune’s atmosphere appear blue , with quickly changing white icy methane clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. In that apparent surface ware found a great dark spot , a giant storm where winds blow at 2000 km/h. it has a counterclockwise rotation as seen in a high pressure system in the Jupiter’s solution hemisphere. Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. Neptune emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun send the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II.

Planet Uranus:

Diameter : 52,096 km
Moons : 21
Density ; 1.32 g/cm cube
Average distance to the sun (km): 2852.8 million
Time to orbit the sun : 84.01 years
Watery Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. One pole, then the other, faces the sun as it orbits. Voyager – II found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew – shaped magnetic field that stretches millions of kms. It is one of the coldest with an average temperature of -223 C. It is made of mainly hydrogen and has a barren landscape apart from frozen methane clouds.

Planet Saturn:

Diameter : 119.296 km
Moons: 30
Density : 0.69g/cm cube
Average distance o the sun : 1417.6 million km. Time to the orbit the sun : 29.46 years. Second largest planets of the solar system Voyager 1 found that the calibrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of thousand of Rippling , Spiraling bands off icy rock and dust. Just 200 m thick and 270,000 km in diameter. The moon titan has nitrogen atmosphere hydrocarbons, the necessities of life but no signs of Titan ate.

Planet Jupiter :

Diameter : 141.969 km
Moons : 16.{4 large ones Ganymede, celesta, Io,(Europe)}
Density : 1.33 g/cm cube
Average distance to the sun : 772.8 million km
Time to orbit the sun : 11.86 years
Two pioneer space probes photographed the great red spot on the solar system largest planet. Voyagers 1 and 2 later showed it is an enormous eddy in the turbulent could cover. They also spotted dusty rings. Three new moons and volcanoes on the moons. Io.

Planet Mars:

Diameter : 6,755.2 km.
Moons : 2 phobos, Deimos
Density :- 3.93 g/cm cube
Average distance to the sun : 225.6 million km.
Time to orbit the sun : 687 days.
The Viking probes or path finders failed to find any sign of life. Beneath its this atmosphere, mars are barren, covered with pink soil and boulder. Long ago it was more active: the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely flowed.

Planet Earth

Diameter : 12,739.2 km.
Moon : 1
Density : 5,52g/cm cube
Average distance to the sun : 149 .8 million km
Time to orbit sun ; 365.30 days.
Estimate Weight (mass)(5,940,000,000,000,000,000 metric tons).
Estimate Age : 4.5 billion years
Surface area (510,066.000 sq km) the only Planet in the solar system to suppot life.

Planet Venus

Diameter :12,032km
Moons : none
Density : 5.24 g/cm cube
Average distance to the sun : 107.52 million km.
Time to orbit the sun : 224.70 days.

Planet - Mercury

Diameter : 4,849.6km
Moons : none
Density : 5.43 g/cm cube
Average distance to the sun : 57.6 million km.
Time to orbit the sun :87.97 days
Tiny mercury , slightly larger than Earth’s moon. Races along its elliptical orbit at 176000 km per hour a speed that keeps it from being drawn in to the sun’s gravity filed. The cratered planet has no atmosphere ; days are scorching hot and night , frigid. It has the greatest temperature extremes, raging from - -200c to 430 C. Its gravity is very week (compared to earth).

Solar System

Interplanetary Space : the whole solar system by volume appears to be an empty void. This vacuum of space comprises the inter planetary medium. It includes various forms of energy and at least two material components : Interplanetary dust and Interplanetary gas. Interplanetary dust consists of microscopic solid particles. Interplanetary gas is a tenuous flow of gas and charged particles mostly protons and electrons – plasma which stream from the sun, called solar wind. It also has a measurable effect on the motion of spacecraft, communication system on earth; electrical transmission etc.

The speed of the solar wind is about 400 kilometers per second in the vincity of the earth’s orbit. The point at which the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, which is the solar wind from other stars is called the heliopause. It is an imaginary boundary theorized to be roughly circular or teardrop – shaped , where the sun’s influence cease, at perhaps 100 AU from the sun. The space within the boundary of heliopause . The Solar magnetic field extends outward into the inter planetary space ; it can be measured on the earth and by spacecraft. The solar magnetic filed is dominating environment of planet which have their own magnetic filed. Kulper belt is a sic shaped region past the orbit of Neptune roughly 30 to 100 AU from the sun containing many small icy bodies.